Overview
Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones lose density and strength, making them more likely to break. It often has no symptoms until a fracture happens, commonly in the spine, hip or wrist.
Bone density testing helps identify osteoporosis before a fracture. Treatment includes calcium and vitamin D, exercise, fall prevention and medication. When a painful spinal compression fracture occurs, procedures such as kyphoplasty may be considered.
Watch: Osteoporosis explained
Video: “Mayo Clinic Minute: Osteoporosis is soft bones” from Mayo Clinic on YouTube. It loads from youtube-nocookie.com only when you press play. Shown for general education; GSMC did not produce it. Watch on YouTube
Common symptoms
- Often no symptoms until a fracture
- Sudden back pain after minor strain or a fall
- Loss of height
- A stooped posture
Causes and risk factors
- Age and menopause
- Low body weight
- Long-term steroid use
- Smoking and heavy alcohol use
- Family history
How it is diagnosed
A bone density (DEXA) scan is the standard test. Blood tests may check for other causes of bone loss. Your clinician may also assess your fracture risk.
Treatment options
Care usually starts with conservative steps, such as activity guidance, physical therapy and medication. Procedures are considered when those steps do not give enough relief. Which options fit you depends on your exam, imaging and goals.
When to seek urgent care
Call 911 or go to the emergency department for new or rapidly worsening weakness, numbness in the groin or inner thighs, loss of bladder or bowel control, severe pain after a significant fall or accident, or pain with fever or unexplained weight loss.
Frequently asked questions
Who should be screened for osteoporosis?
Screening is generally recommended for women 65 and older and for younger people with risk factors. Ask your clinician about your risk.
Can osteoporosis be treated?
Yes. Medication, exercise, nutrition and fall prevention can lower fracture risk.
What if I already have a spine fracture?
Painful vertebral compression fractures can be evaluated for bracing, pain control and, in selected cases, kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty. Bone-health treatment is also important to lower the chance of future fractures.
This page is general patient education and does not replace advice from your own clinician. Individual results vary.