Overview
A stable spine keeps vertebrae aligned and protects the nerves during normal movement. Spinal instability means there is abnormal movement between vertebrae, which can cause pain or put nerves at risk.
Instability can result from degeneration, a slipped vertebra, fractures, prior surgery, infection or tumors.
Watch and learn
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Symptoms
- Mechanical back or neck pain that worsens with movement and eases with rest
- A feeling that the back “gives way”
- Leg or arm pain, numbness or weakness if nerves are affected
Causes
- Degenerative spondylolisthesis
- Fractures
- Prior laminectomy or other surgery
- Inflammatory arthritis
- Infection or tumor
How it is diagnosed
Standing and flexion-extension X-rays show abnormal movement. CT and MRI show bone, joints, discs and nerves.
Treatment options, step by step
A spine surgeon looks at the whole picture, including options short of surgery. Not every step applies to every person.
Self-care and lifestyle
Core strengthening and avoiding heavy or repetitive bending may help mild cases.
Physical therapy and medications
Physical therapy focused on stabilization; a brace short-term in some cases.
Injections and nerve blocks
Injections may help pain but do not correct instability.
Minimally invasive procedures
Minimally invasive stabilization techniques may be options.
Surgical evaluation
Spinal fusion is the main surgical treatment for symptomatic instability.
Nonsurgical alternatives
Many spine problems are managed without surgery. See our nonsurgical options and holistic and lifestyle care guides.
Related surgeries
Call 732-202-3000 to confirm which surgeon performs this procedure and where.
When to seek urgent care
Call 911 or go to the emergency department for new or rapidly worsening weakness, numbness in the groin or inner thighs, loss of bladder or bowel control, or severe pain after a fall or accident.
Frequently asked questions
How is instability measured?
Bending X-rays compare the position of the vertebrae in flexion and extension to see how much they move.
Does instability always need fusion?
No. Mild cases may be managed with therapy. Fusion is considered for pain or nerve problems linked to the instability.
Can a laminectomy cause instability?
Removing bone to relieve nerves can sometimes reduce stability, which is why some decompressions are paired with fusion.
This page is general patient education and does not replace advice from your own clinician. Individual results vary.